Mobile Money Net Spreads

ESHA CHHABRA and BIDISHA DAS

THANKS TO mobile money, any person with a basic phone can now make cash transfers, pay bills, and send money to family members abroad without having a bank account. This is a game-changing innovation, particularly for the world's poor as it is easy and cheap.

While mobile money continues to grow in Africa as its epicentre, it is also taking off in Asia. Mobile money is just one aspect of the survey, which also provides a wealth of information on the access to and use of basic financial services, including breakdowns by gender.

Over the past five years, mobile money has gained traction in south Asia, which is experiencing an average annual growth rate of 46% in mobile money accounts – the highest across all regions. Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Pakistan are a few countries experiencing high mobile money growth in Asia.

Mobile money services grew early on in sub-Saharan Africa because some countries lacked deep banking penetration. The launch of M-PESA in Kenya in 2007 completely transformed the way non-banking people access financial services.

After a rapid expansion in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, mobile money has spread to other parts of the region. In fact, sub-Saharan Africa still leads in the number of mobile money accounts and in some countries, mobile money accounts now surpass bank accounts.

Mobile money also continues to grow in some fragile states.

In Afghanistan, for example, where only 200 out of 1 000 adults have bank accounts but more than 80% of the population has access to a cellular phone, mobile money is picking up. The value of mobile money transactions grew by a factor of four in the past five years – to 1,2% of GDP in 2018.

The ability of mobile money services to reach remote customers has contributed to this growth. Mobile network operators employ agents – typically small, local retail stores – to offer services even in remote areas where banks have limited reach.

In Afghanistan, there are, on average, three mobile money agents compared to one or fewer automated teller machine or commercial bank branch every 1 000 square kilometres. This expansion in mobile money services has helped meet a significant pent-up demand for financial services.

With mobile money becoming more pervasive, governments will need to create regulations to protect new customers against fraud and liquidity risks — the inability of service providers to return funds on demand.

* This article was adapted from the International Monetary Fund's financial markets and technology blog / NAMIBIAN